| 1 | Understanding Homeostatic Mechanisms: Students will be able to explain the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the internal balance of the body and the systems that support these processes. They will understand active and passive transport mechanisms and the movement of substances across the cell membrane. |
| 2 | Knowledge of Cell and Muscle Physiology: Students will understand the general characteristics of muscles and muscle contraction mechanisms, and will be able to explain the differences between skeletal and smooth muscle physiology. They will learn the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction and the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction. |
| 3 | Nervous System and Transmission Mechanisms: Students will be able to explain in detail the structure of the nervous system and the mechanisms of synaptic communication. They will understand the functions of cerebrospinal fluid and the differences between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. |
| 4 | Functioning of Sensory Systems: Students will learn the physiology of general and special sensory systems (vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance) and the mechanisms by which receptors function. They will understand the role of somatic sensory pathways and the thalamus. |
| 5 | Blood and Immune System Physiology: Students will be able to explain the structure of blood, the functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, and the importance of blood groups. They will understand the cellular and humoral components of the immune system and its role in combating infections. |
| 6 | Circulatory System and Cardiac Physiology: Students will learn about blood circulation in the head and neck region and the physiology of the vessels in these areas. They will understand the effects of local anesthetics on blood vessels. |
| 7 | Respiratory System and Gas Exchange: Students will understand the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, the processes of gas exchange, and the regulation of respiration. They will be able to evaluate pathophysiological changes in the respiratory tract and respiratory function tests. |
| 8 | Digestive System and Metabolic Regulations: Students will understand the structure and functions of digestive system organs, the processes of absorption and digestion of nutrients. They will comprehend metabolic rate, hunger and satiety regulations, and the control of body temperature. |
| 9 | Renal Physiology and Urine Formation: Students will learn the functional structure of the kidney, urine formation, and the mechanisms that regulate electrolyte balance. They will understand glomerular filtration, clearance, and the assessment of renal functions |
| 10 | Functioning of the Endocrine System: Students will learn the structure and mechanisms of action of hormones, and the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. They will understand the role of hormones in metabolic processes and in maintaining homeostasis. |
| 11 | Regulation of Ion Balance and Acid-Base Balance: Students will understand the mechanisms that regulate fluid-electrolyte balance and acid-base balance, and the potential conditions of imbalance. They will be able to explain the function of renal and hormonal systems in maintaining ion balance in the body. |
| 12 | Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications: Students will be able to interpret pathological conditions observed in various physiological systems and their clinical manifestations. They will assess disease mechanisms and treatment approaches using pathophysiological knowledge. |